Using generative artificial intelligence tools in academic writing

Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) is an artificial intelligence technology that can create new content (e.g. images or text) based on a query or other specified criteria.

Generative Artificial Intelligence tools (GAI tools) are platforms that incorporate Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) models and allow users to generate text, images or other content using simple and intuitive interfaces.

Quotation is an exact extract from a text or speech given in support of an idea or argument or proof in another text.

Reference – a note identifying the source of information from which a quotation is taken, or a publication that provides further information on a subject.

Footnote – an explanation, note, reference, or other additional information at the bottom of a page or at the end of a chapter or book.

Bibliographic description – the set of data needed to identify and describe an information source.

Citation style – the order in which the elements of the bibliographic description of a cited source are arranged.

Principles

The usage of generative artificial intelligence tools in academic writing must respect the following principles:

Transparency: the use of GAI tools must be publicly disclosed.
Academic integrity: the use of GAI tools is clearly stated, with appropriate citation or declaration of use of the GAI model. Failure to disclose the use of the GAI model in academic work may be considered academic dishonesty.
Copyright enforcement: the author of the work must ensure that intellectual property rights are not infringed.
Responsibility: the author is responsible for the content of his/her paper, even for those parts of the paper that have been produced with the GAI tool, and is therefore liable for any violation of publication ethics.

Declaration on the use of GAI

The use of GAI tools in a paper must be clearly stated in the introduction, text or annexes. The declaration of use of GAI must state:

the name and version of the GAI tool used, e.g. ChatGPT version 3.5;
the company that developed the GAI tool, e.g. OpenAI;
the web address of the GAI tool, e.g. https://openai.com/chatgpt/;
a brief description of the use of the tool, e.g.:

The illustrations in this paper were created with the generative artificial intelligence tool Microsoft Designer (Microsoft, https://designer.microsoft.com/).

The term definitions were generated using the generative artificial intelligence tool ChatGPT (version 3.5, Open AI, https://chat.openai.com ).

The summary was translated into English using the DeepL Translator tool (DeepL, https://www.deepl.com/en/translator).

Date of creation/generation of content/output, e.g. 30th October 2024.

The appendices of the paper may include questions submitted to the GAI tool, full answers generated by the GAI tool, explanations of how you used or edited the generated content.

Citation

It is important to understand that GAI tools cannot be the author of the work. The tool cannot generate original ideas or take any responsibility for the results.

The current consensus is to treat the content generated by GAI tools as personal correspondence.

Like private correspondence, each session of a question submitted to a GAI tool and the response generated is specific and unique at a particular point in time.
Like private correspondence, the content generated by the GAI cannot be easily replicated and verified.

The rules for specific citation styles to cite content generated by GAI tools are still being developed, but the general rules are as follows:

Name the GAI tool or platform used (e.g. OpenAI ChatGPT, Google Bard, Copilot, etc.).
Provide the exact date of use of the GAI tools.
Provide detailed information on the question posed.
Provide information about the person who asked the questions.
Provide the full answers generated by the GAI tools, even if you only used part in the text.
Be accurate, open and transparent when using the GAI tools.
Do not present GAI answers as your own. This is academic misconduct and may lead to disciplinary action.

These rules continue to evolve, so the descriptions of specific citation styles should be consulted for the latest guidance.

APA style

In text

The introductory part of the paper should describe how the tools of generative AI have been used. The text must include the question (query) posed to the GAI tool and an exact quotation or paraphrase of the text generated by the GAI. According to the APA citation style rules, the author of the text generated by the GAI tool is the developer/company of the GAI tool, so references after the quoted or paraphrased GAI text should indicate the developer, and the year of the question asked in brackets. The full answers generated by the GAI tool may be included in the appendices of the paper.

e.g. the exact quote:

In response to the question „What are the Sustainable Development Goals?”, ChatGPT generated the answer “The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global objectives established by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They are designed to address a wide range of issues affecting people, the planet, and prosperity, aiming to create a more just, equitable, and sustainable world by 2030” (OpenAI, 2024).

e.g. paraphrased text:

When asked the question „What are the Sustainable Development Goals?”, ChatGPT generated the answer that there are 17 global goals set by the United Nations to ensure a better and more sustainable future for all by 2030 (OpenAI, 2024).

e.g. the full GAI-generated responses are given in the annexes:

When asked the question „What are the Sustainable Development Goals?”, ChatGPT generated the answer that there are the 17 global goals set by the United Nations to ensure a better and more sustainable future for all by 2030 (OpenAI, 2024, see Annex 1).

In the Annexes

e.g.:

Annex 1: Text generated by ChatGPT

Question: What are the Sustainable Development Goals? (30/09/2024)

Answer:

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global objectives established by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They are designed to address a wide range of issues affecting people, the planet, and prosperity, aiming to create a more just, equitable, and sustainable world by 2030.

In the reference list

The bibliographic descriptions of the GAI-generated text are given in the reference list.

e.g..:

OpenAI. (2024). ChatGPT (3.5 version) [Large Language Model]. https://openai.com/chatgpt/.

Chicago citation style

The use of the text generated by the GAI tool must be described in the introductory part of the paper. The question posed to the GAI tool must be included in the text of the paper or in the references. The bibliographical description of the GAI-generated text does not need to be included in the reference list.

· Author-date method

In text

The text should contain the question posed to the GAI tool and an exact quotation or paraphrase of the answer. According to Chicago style rules, the name of the GAI tool is used in place of the author. References after the quoted or paraphrased GAI text should include the name of the GAI tool and the exact date of the question in brackets.

E.g. exact quote:

e.g. paraphrased text:

When asked the question „What are the Sustainable Development Goals?”, ChatGPT generated the answer that they are 17 global goals set by the United Nations to ensure a better and more sustainable future for all by 2030 (ChatGPT, September 30^th, 2024).

In the reference list

The GAI-generated text does not need to be included in the reference list.

· Notes and bibliography method

The question posed to the GAI tool can be included in the text of the paper or in footnotes at the bottom of the page. A footnote number is inserted after the quoted or paraphrased generated text, and the footnote at the bottom of the page contains information about the quoted generated text: the author (GAI tool), the question given to the GAI (if it is not mentioned in the text), the creator of the GAI tool, the exact date of the question. If a question is mentioned in the text, it does not need to be repeated in a footnote. When re-quoting text generated by a GAI tool, only the name of the GAI tool is included in the footnote.

E.g., text generated by the GAI is quoted for the first time (question not mentioned in the text):

“The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global objectives established by the United Nations in 2015 as part of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. They are designed to address a wide range of issues affecting people, the planet, and prosperity, aiming to create a more just, equitable, and sustainable world by 2030“¹.

________________________

ChatGPT, response to „What are the Sustainable Development Goals?” OpenAI, September 30, 2024, https://openai.com/chatgpt/.

E.g., the text generated by the GAI is quoted for the first time (the question is mentioned in the text):

________________________

Text generated by ChatGPT, OpenAI, September 30, 2024, https://openai.com/chatgpt/.

E.g., GAI generated text is re-quoted:

17 Sustainable Development Goals: no poverty; zero hunger; good health and well-being; quality education; gender equality; clean water and sanitation; affordable and clean energy; decent work and economic growth; industry, innovation and infrastructure; reducing inequalities; sustainable cities and communities; responsible consumption and production; climate action; life below water; life on land; peace, justice and strong institutions; partnerships for achieving the Goals².

________________________

ChatGPT.

In the reference list

The GAI-generated text does not need to be included in the reference list.

Harvard citation style

If the content generated by the GAI tools is only available to you, please indicate this as a private correspondence and include a description of the AI-generated material in the in-text citation. References and reference lists must include the following information:

the name of the GAI company and tool (e.g. OpenAI ChatGPT, Google Bard, Microsoft Copilot),
date (when the question was asked),
the recipient of the information (the person who asked the question and received the answer, which would be your name).
the full answers of the GAI tools may be provided in the annexes to the paper.

In text

e.g. the exact quote:

e.g. paraphrased text:

e.g., the full GAI-generated responses are provided in the annexes:

For the question „What are the Sustainable Development Goals?”, ChatGPT generated the answer that these are the 17 global goals set by the United Nations to ensure a better and more sustainable future for all by 2030 (OpenAI Chat GPT, 2024, see Annex 1).

In the Annexes

E.g.:

Appendix 1: ChatGPT generated text

Question: What are the Sustainable Development Goals? (30^th September 2024)

Answer:

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are global goals set by the United Nations to address global challenges and ensure sustainable development by 2030. In September 2015, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development was adopted with 17 goals covering social, economic and environmental dimensions. These goals aim to ensure a better and more sustainable future for all.

In the reference list

The bibliographic descriptions of the text generated by the GAI are given in the reference list.

E.g.:

OpenAI ChatGPT (2024). ChatGPT reply to First Name Last Name on 10^th October.

ISO 690:2021 standard

In text

The introductory part of the paper should describe which and how GAI tools have been used. The text must contain the question posed to the GAI tool and an exact quotation or paraphrase of the text generated by the GAI. The full answers generated by the GDI tool can be included in the appendices of the paper.

e.g. the exact quote:

e.g. paraphrased text:

In the reference list

The bibliographic descriptions of the GAI-generated text are given in the reference list.

E.g.,

OPENAI. ChatGPT. Large language Model. 3.5 version. Available from: https://openai.com/chatgpt/ [viewed 2024-09-30].

MLA citation style

You should cite the GAI tool when paraphrasing, quoting or incorporating into your work any content (text, image, data, etc.) created by it. Indicate all functional uses of the tool (e.g. text editing or translation) in a note, text or other appropriate place. Check carefully the secondary sources of information used and provided by the GAI tool.

Information that needs to be included in the bibliographic descriptions of the cited GAI-generated content:

author: according to MLA rules, the GAI tool is not the author, so the author is not included in the bibliographic descriptions.
title of the cited source: a question submitted to the GAI tool.
title of the GAI tool.
version of the GAI tool.
publisher: the enterprise/company that developed the GAI tool.
date: date of the question.
address: web link of the GAI tool.

In text

The name of the content generated by the GAI tool (the question posed to the GAI tool in quotation marks) is given in references in parentheses.

e.g. the exact quote:

e.g. paraphrased text:

Sustainable Development Goals are 17 global goals set by the United Nations to ensure a better and more sustainable future for all by 2030 („What are the Sustainable Development Goals?”).

In the reference list

Bibliographic descriptions of GAI-generated content in the reference list follow the following template:

„Question” prompt. GAI tool, version, company that developed the GAI tool, date of the question, web link of the GDI tool.

For example,

„What are the Sustainable Development Goals?” prompt. ChatGPT, version 3.5, OpenAI, 17^th October 2024, https://openai.com/chatgpt/.

Literature:

Citation, Documentation of Sources. The Chicago Manual of Style Online. https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Documentation/faq0422.html.

McAdoo, T. (2024). How to cite ChatGPT. APA style. https://apastyle.apa.org/blog/how-to-cite-chatgpt.

Modern Language Association of America. (20240. How do I cite generative AI in MLA style? MLA Style Center. https://style.mla.org/citing-generative-ai/.

Lietuvos Respublikos Akademinės etikos ir procedūrų kontrolieriaus įsakymą „Dėl dirbtinio intelekto etiško naudojimo mokslo ir studijų procese gairių tvirtinimo“, 2024 m. balandžio 29 d. nr. V-14. https://e-seimas.lrs.lt/portal/legalAct/lt/TAD/093f89e0072811ef8e4be9fad87afa59?jfwid=1a9xggoq7m

Reference AI in an assignment.(2024). St George‘s Library. https://libguides.sgul.ac.uk/Harvard/AI.

Using generative artificial intelligence tools in academic writing

Terms

Principles

Declaration on the use of GAI

Citation

APA style

In text

In the Annexes

In the reference list

Chicago citation style

· Author-date method

In text

In the reference list

· Notes and bibliography method

In the reference list

Harvard citation style

In text

In the Annexes

In the reference list

ISO 690:2021 standard

In text

In the reference list

MLA citation style

In text

In the reference list

Literature:

Bibliotekos padaliniai